"Education has come to mean not the production, morally and intellectually, of men and women, but of mere specialists," Kinley complained in 1897 (p. 46). Kinley--a professor of political economy at the University of Illinois who held degrees from Yale, Johns Hopkins, and the University of Wisconsin--thought that such an education was "degenerate." In his view, it "turns out engineers and political economists and clergymen and journalists and other specialists, who are specialists, and as far as training goes, nothing more" (p. 46). A particularly striking expression of the positive ideal behind Kinley's complaint can be found in a brief passage from a speech delivered in 1944 by Michigan State College (1) president John A. Hannah. Speaking in Chicago before the fifty-eighth annual convention of the Association of Land-Grant Colleges and Universities, Hannah (1945) proclaimed:
